Data schema, Phase 1

a brown corkboard littered with random photos, notes, and clippings held in place with colorful plastic pins, with red yarn strung between the pins connecting different articles. In the middle, a clipping says "seek for the truth."
Image by Freepik

When I was at ASECS 2024, I got a question after my presentation about how I was organizing my data. I was thinking he meant how I was setting everything up overall, for example what schema I was going to use, and I sort of only half answered him because I don’t entirely know what I’m doing for the overall project. I have realized, however, that I complicated the question far more than it required. I also realized that wasn’t something I’d talked about here, and it likely should have been. I feel very strongly that transparency in what and how and why is important — a belief that was strengthened after a really strong presentation from the great scholars behind the Women’s Print History Project about the need for DH documentation that discusses the “why” as well as the “how.”

As I’ve mentioned before, this is a project with multiple phases. Phase One involved using OCLC Worldcat and the ESTC to locate individual copies and possibly previously missed or spurious publication information. I started with the excellent list of Lennox publications in Charlotte Lennox: An Independent Mind by Susan Carlile, which gave me a huge headstart. That’s where the maps on this site came from — an early effort to identify locations and see where clusters of copies might have been located. The limitations of Google Maps, though, specifically in the number of points per map, made this of limited usefulness. I may yet go back and try to dump all of it into something like Tableau and get a master map, but I haven’t yet. Probably not until I’ve finished cleaning up the data set.

There was then an interim stage I consider Phase 1.5, in which I took the data out of Google Maps and put it into an Excel spreadsheet. The data as it stood was in the following categories:

  • ID #: this helped differentiate records so I could move them into a relational database eventually
  • Longitude: location info courtesy Google Maps
  • Latitude: location info courtesy Google Maps
  • Library Name: the name of the library with the holdings (preferably not just the special collections dept)
  • Description: intended to describe something about the book, such as edition # or suspected piracy, not the library
  • Affiliation: what institution is the library affiliated with, if any
  • Designation:(what sort of library/institution is it — this is the muddiest category because sometimes it refers to the library (unaffiliated) and sometimes to the institution (affiliated)
  • Pub Year: publication year
  • Location: where was the book published
  • Bookseller: who was the bookseller/publisher
  • Title: Title of the book/periodical

Now, as to why I chose to keep track of all this stuff, particularly about the institutions, part of it was because I thought it would be interesting to track this and see how the spread went. Part of it was because I thought it would help me track down funding to visit collections. And the last part of it, I think, is because I didn’t want to go back and add it in later in case I regretted not having it to begin with. It’s easier to cut info than to go back and add it in across all the records.

I’ve held to that philosophy as I’ve gone — I’d rather get all the information plus some and end up with something unnecessary than I would want to record less than I’d end up wanting. There is absolutely a point of diminishing returns, here, naturally, but it’s balanced by the realization that, for most of these copies, I will get only one bite at the apple. If I miss something or realize later what I needed, I may be able to get it by asking the librarians, but I likely won’t get a second visit to see it for myself. This is one reason that my local copies are my test cases, to ensure what information I’m recording and why before I start trying to build my photo album of all the special collections rooms I get to visit.

I hope this proves helpful to someone — I’m happy to provide more information or answer questions as needed. I’ll move toward describing Phase Two in an upcoming post.

State of the Project, March 2024

two puppies with party hats on in front of a tiny stuffed toy birthday cake
Photo by Sam Lion on Pexels.com

Greetings, Gentle Readers! Welcome to the Lennox Bibliography Project website’s second birthday! *blows noisemaker* I’m thrilled and amazed that I’m still working on this and that I’ve actually made progress, albeit more slowly than I would have liked. Still moving forward, though.

Again, this month has seen a ton of grading and not much in the way of progress. What it has also seen, however, is me prepping my presentation for the upcoming ASECS 2024 conference! Starting later next week (eep) I will be in Toronto, ON with a bunch of other 18th-century scholars and doing my part to further the (small-d) discourse in our field. For those in attendance who might be interested, I’ll be presenting on some of my findings thus far from the LBP.

Specifically, I’m on panel #112, Friday April 5th, from 4:30-6:00pm in the Elgin room. It’s the second of two panels from the Bibliographical Society of America, titled “Bibliography by the Numbers: Meta-Bibliography and the Study of Eighteenth-Century Book Culture.” My paper is titled (not terribly creatively) “The Travels of the Memoirs of the Duke of Sully.” Belatedly I realized I should have named it “So Many Copies: Charlotte Lennox and the Duke of Sully” but alas, inspiration came far too late. Feel free to stop by!

State of the Project, February 2024

Surly groundhog staring out from his/her burrow.
Photo by Niklas Jeromin on Pexels.com

Welcome back, Readers! I have returned from my research “vacation,” for certain values of “returned” anyway. I am still teaching the overload situation this semester, but it’s going well and I feel like I’m mostly not drowning at this point. I am only now resuming work on the project, though. It’s been a good time to take a break and I feel much more able to bring my attention back to it in a positive and constructive way.

One of the things this break brought home to me is how I’ve basically worked on this non-stop for two years at least, prior to the beginning of this past holiday season. It’s so easy to get caught up in the work, particularly when it’s something that we’re interested in and want to see happen, that we can fall victim to our academic training of “never stop working” and forget that sometimes it’s good to let the fields like fallow for a bit.

I’m not saying that everyone is always in a situation where that’s feasible, or necessarily even desirable — we all have our own relationships to our work and research. One of the things I’m discovering on my own career journey, though, is the inexorability of erosion. Time, familiarity, training, and anxiety all wear away at our boundaries, our self-images, our work-life balance, and our storehouses of resolve and empathy. It takes active work to shore up those borders and keep ourselves whole and healthy. Much like the mansions on the hilltops in California now being undermined by landslides and erosion, with the ground beneath them slipping away into the ocean, we’re similarly at risk of being washed out and ground down to nothing. The world, your institution, your research, your students — none of them will tell you to stop when you’re already spread thin.

I know I’m not saying anything really new here. The thing that really hit me, though, is that although I do want to push forward and I’m excited about where this project is going to go, I don’t have a clock on this or a deadline I have to make. I don’t have to push for some external timeline that’s only in my head and sacrifice myself and my enthusiasm for this project in the process. Pacing myself — taking breaks — is a good thing. So for those following along in the background, I appreciate your patience and hope you bear with me during quieter times. I should have more progress to relate soon.

State of the Project, Holiday Season 2023

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Happy holidays, gentle readers! I hope this season finds you reasonably well, at least on a local level, given the general setting of GAAAAAH globally at the moment. I myself have been digging deep into work and family and friendship as a sustaining focus for the past two months, hence the lack of distinct November update.

I had the good(?) news that I’m teaching both an extra class in the spring and a class online in the summer (assuming it fills), which on the one hand, yay! My car approves this decision. On the other hand, prep and grading and whatnot have largely eaten my ability to focus on Lennox work, so I’ve decided to let this lie fallow for the holiday season while I work on clearing my plate for the coming year. In January, therefore, I’ll be picking back up with the project work as normal. I hope to have new progress to update next time around.

For now, however, I hope that whatever you celebrate, you are able to take a moment to yourself and acknowledge the dark and light, the turning of the year and the brightness inherent in the human spirit even when things seem hopeless. May we all have a brighter 2024.

State of the Project, October 2023

a small lit jack-o-lantern next to a block calendar reading "31 October"
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Greetings, gentle readers! And a happy decorative gourd season to all who celebrate. As we reach midterms in the fall semester and all the grading that entails, I have taken a break to update you on this month’s progress.

The process of confirming or eliminating physical copies continues apace. Since the last update, I’ve worked through another 37 libraries*, completing the libraries that begin with the letter “B”. It will likely not be a surprise to anyone to know that there are quite a few libraries that begin with the letter B that have Lennox holdings, and that’s after some elimination of spurious, online access, or deaccessioned copies.

As for the database work, I’ve about decided that I’ll put in the libraries I’ve confirmed as locations for now, but not the individual titles. I may change my mind about that as I move forward, but we’ll see. I go back and forth on the utility of it prior to actually seeing and cataloging the data for a given copy.

In other news, I’m also trying to decide if I want to apply to any fellowships for next summer’s research. I’d been hoping to be further along than I am (though it’s not like every letter will have as many entries). It seems a shame to let a summer go to waste, but I’ve still got so much cataloguing to do. I have a little while more to ponder and see if the pace picks up in this portion of the endeavor.

Number of libraries confirmed: 77
Number of libraries entered into the database: 2
Number of extant copies confirmed: 299 (See Note)

* Note: Those observant readers among you will have noted that the letter “B” also applies to “Bodleian,” as in the famed library (or set thereof) at the University of Oxford. I cannot claim to have completed verification of my list of items at the Bodleian, given the nature of its search engine, the fact that defaults to including all the Oxford libraries, of which there are many, and the fact that it’s by no means uncommon to have multiple copies of the same work at different libraries within the greater institution of Oxford. I started working on it and quickly realized I was just going to need to pull out all the Oxford listings, put them in a big list with a couple of notepads and sticky notes as needed, and just do all of them in one big push. As I’m not planning to be in the UK any time in the near future, this isn’t really a problem per se, but it does mean that all Oxford listings are considered not fully confirmed until I clime that particular molehill.

State of the Project, September 2023

Greetings, gentle readers! September finds me pushing forward still, albeit a bit more slowly due to general life issues and a lot of time dedicated to sorting through the works housed at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale. Needless to say, we’re going to have to spend some time there in the future, to no one’s surprise.

I currently have 30 libraries verified, having removed two or three so far that ostensibly had only a couple of items at most, and they turned out to either simply not be there, to belong to an affiliated library on the same system, or to be online or microfom versions of the work. I am looking at applying to the Lewis Walpole Library Fellowship this year, along with perhaps a local fellowship that might cover some gas money for libraries near to hand.

Number of libraries confirmed: 34
Number of libraries entered into the database: 2
Number of extant copies confirmed: 148

State of the Project, January 2023

A snowman with a camera around his neck and an upside red pot on its head for a hat.
Photo by Balu00e1zs Benjamin on Pexels.com

Welcome to 2023! It’s been a busy holiday season — enough so that I didn’t manage to put up a post in December. The spring semester has started, though, and I’ve returned to my data entry. There are an absurd number of entries for the 1856 Bohn edition of The Memoirs of the Duke of Sully, but I’m pushing through. I’ve also had the chance to talk to the head of Special Collections at my institution’s library about increasing our Charlotte Lennox holdings. I’m very excited about the possibilities. Back to work, then!

State of the Project, November 2022

This is a terribly short update, and terribly late as well. November was a very fallow month for the project, with nothing in particular getting done as the day job and the holidays have taken up all my bandwidth. I put off writing this because I was hopeful I would have a better update, but as it is now technically no longer November, I have accepted that this is as good as it gets. Hopefully Christmas break will be more productive again.

State of the Project, October 2022

a bunch of colorful plastic ducks floating in a row down a flowing gutter, facing toward the viewer
Photo by Pixabay on Pexels.com

This month has seen a slowdown in work, in keeping with a rise of effort for the day job. Midterm grading is fast approaching, so I’m trying to stay caught up and yet still keep my hand in here. Also, it’s grant/fellowship application time for next year and I’ve got a job search to attend to, so we’re definitely keeping busy trying not only to keep this year’s ducks in a row, but obtain some ducks for next year as well.

That being said, things proceed apace. I’m at a total of 435 entries in the extant copy database, with two of the most populous and reprinted Lennox works yet to go. Preliminary data from my first special collections trip to Penn State has indicated a couple of interesting things, one of which is that Harrison & Co., publishers of Novelist’s Magazine in the late 1780s, may have simply taken extra copies of the novels reprints for their magazine (or vice versa), stripped off or reprinted the title pages, and bound them up either with other short works that met a given page/signature limit OR with the works that came after them in the magazine sequence, then sold them as standalone volumes. I have not yet been able to make a direct comparison between the bound volumes of the periodical and the novels, regrettably, but I think it’s entirely possible based on the similarities of paper, size, and typeface in their published works. I’m sure once I get past midterms, I’ll have more news. Until then, dear Reader.

State of the Project, June 2022

Oh, dear Readers, it has been an incredibly busy month. First of all, let me direct your attention to the picture on the right, which was only one of the amazing books I got to squee over and learn from at the RBS session on The History of the Book in America, 1700-1830, held at the Library Company of Philadelphia and taught by the excellent scholar James Green, who is Librarian Emeritus at that institution.

During that week, I learned very little about Lennox directly, but a ton about printing in the early United States and how her books likely came to be in the US. It opened so many avenues in my future research that I had not even considered, and I’m absolutely thrilled that I went. I should state that I was pleased to attend via a William T. Buice Scholarship, courtesy of UVa’s Rare Books School. I encourage anyone who’s interested, particularly NTT or independent scholars, to apply and help defray the tuition and fees involved with attending.

Aside from the RBS course, I’m incredibly excited to share that I’ve completed Phase 1.1 of the LBP! Phase 1.1 refers to the gathering of raw location data of extant copies of Lennox’s published work, recorded through Google maps and added to the Maps page on this site. The data now gets downloaded and converted to a .csv format, and then aggregated so I can check individual libraries for their actual holdings and eliminate any digital access copies that snuck in, or add material that got missed.

Once I’ve cleaned up and verified the data, then I’ll move on to analysis and remapping. At the same time, I’ll take on Phase 2, which is determining the data types I’m collecting and what I want the overall schema of the project to be. This section includes longevity planning, scalability, UI design and parameters, and a potential push for a sharable bibliographic interface that can be tweaked for use in other projects free of charge. I don’t anticipate starting Phase 2 before 2023, and I likely won’t be doing any serious data gathering on the books themselves until nearly 2024, though I’d be happy to be overestimating the timeline here.

All in all, I’m very excited about progress this summer and what next month brings. Stay tuned!

A hand-embroidered cover on a Bible dated to 1743, belonging to Mary Sandwith. It's red, green, blue, and yellow on a cream background using flamestitch.
Mary Sandwith’s Bible, from 1743. She embroidered this cover as a girl — the date she stitched on the spine is from when she was 11 years old. Part of the Library Company of Philadelphia’s collections.